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Katty Kay and Claire Shipman argue that there is a profound gap between men and women when it comes to confidence, a gap that leads women to play fewer sports, get fewer promotions, and stop themselves from achieving at the highest levels. They write:

“When people are confident, when they think they are good at something, regardless of how good they actually are, they display a lot of confident nonverbal and verbal behavior,” Anderson said. He mentioned expansive body language, a lower vocal tone, and a tendency to speak early and often in a calm, relaxed manner. “They do a lot of things that make them look very confident in the eyes of others,” he added. “Whether they are good or not is kind of irrelevant.” Kind of irrelevant. Infuriatingly, a lack of competence doesn’t necessarily have negative consequences. Among Anderson’s students, those who displayed more confidence than competence were admired by the rest of the group and awarded a high social status. “The most confident people were just considered the most beloved in the group,” he said. “Their overconfidence did not come across as narcissistic.”

Former tutor John Katzman makes the case that they are:

Since then, I’ve assumed that the SAT and ACT would simply disappear as people realized just how useless they were. Yet 30 years later, we still rely on them. The College Board and ACT add over $500 million a year to the cost of applying to college. They pay their CEOs high, six-figure sums and generate $100 million in profits annually. Since the utility of the tests is largely limited to the 800,000 high-achieving students headed to selective schools, these organizations are costing each one of those students a $1,200 fee—and that’s before the additional expense of test prep.

These organizations continue to exist because they themselves are not held accountable for good college matches (32% of college freshmen will end up transferring and 41% will drop out) or for the expense and stress they manufacture. And because there is no way to judge them, people are inclined to believe The College Board when it makes breathless announcements about changes to the SAT that will supposedly make them more relevant and useful.